Optimisation of free fatty acid removal in nyamplung seed oil (Callophyllum inophyllum L.) using response surface methodology analysis

Kurnita Siti Choirunisa Furi, . and Miradatul Najwa Muhd Rodhi, . and Prasetiawan Haniif, . and Kusumaningtyas Ratna Dewi, . and Veny Harumi, . and Putri Radenrara Dewi Artanti, . and Triwibowo Bayu, . and Anggraeni Nanda Dwi, . and Fazlena Hamzah, . Optimisation of free fatty acid removal in nyamplung seed oil (Callophyllum inophyllum L.) using response surface methodology analysis. pp. 2605-2623. ISSN 2231-8526

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17. The FFA content above 2 will cause saponification reaction reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18 and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01 at the temperature of 60„ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27 and the FFA content of 4 attained at the reaction temperature catalyst concentration and reaction time of 59.09„ 1.98 g/g nyamplung seed oil and 119.95 minutes respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2 could be obtained at the temperature catalyst concentration and reaction time of 58.97„ 0.03 and 194.9 minutes respectively with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

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Abstract

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17. The FFA content above 2 will cause saponification reaction reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18 and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01 at the temperature of 60„ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27 and the FFA content of 4 attained at the reaction temperature catalyst concentration and reaction time of 59.09„ 1.98 g/g nyamplung seed oil and 119.95 minutes respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2 could be obtained at the temperature catalyst concentration and reaction time of 58.97„ 0.03 and 194.9 minutes respectively with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	Fatty acids
AGROVOC Term:	Biodiesel
AGROVOC Term:	Esterification
AGROVOC Term:	Sulfuric acid
AGROVOC Term:	Experiments
AGROVOC Term:	Sampling
AGROVOC Term:	Statistical analysis
AGROVOC Term:	Industrial development
AGROVOC Term:	Product quality
Depositing User:	Mr. AFANDI ABDUL MALEK
Last Modified:	24 Apr 2025 00:55
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/10135

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