Esterification of free fatty acid in palm oil mill effluent using sulfated carbon-zeolite composite catalyst

Hasanudin Hasanudin, . and Putri Qodria Utami, . and Agustina Tuty Emilia, . and Hadiah Fitri, . Esterification of free fatty acid in palm oil mill effluent using sulfated carbon-zeolite composite catalyst. pp. 377-395. ISSN 2231-8526

Free fatty acid esterification (FFA) in palm oil mill waste (POME) was carried out using a sulfonated carbon-zeolite composite catalyst. The catalyst is synthesized with carbon precursor obtained from molasses which is adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite and then carbonized and sulfonated with concentrated H‚‚SO‚„ to form a sulfonated carbon-zeolite catalyst composite which will be used for the esterification catalyst and the optimization process for the esterification reaction is carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM) and experimental central composite design (CCD). Importantly the observed independent variables were temperature catalyst weight and reaction time to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) products. The catalyst was successfully synthesized which was shown from the SEM characterization strengthened by the presence of a sulfate group in the FTIR results and the calculation results of high acidity properties. Optimization of FFA esterification with SCZ catalyst obtained optimal conditions with a temperature of 79C a catalyst weight of 3.00 g and a reaction time of 134 minutes with a FAME product of 93.75 considering that the viscosity of biodiesel is below that required by the API.

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Abstract

Free fatty acid esterification (FFA) in palm oil mill waste (POME) was carried out using a sulfonated carbon-zeolite composite catalyst. The catalyst is synthesized with carbon precursor obtained from molasses which is adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite and then carbonized and sulfonated with concentrated H‚‚SO‚„ to form a sulfonated carbon-zeolite catalyst composite which will be used for the esterification catalyst and the optimization process for the esterification reaction is carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM) and experimental central composite design (CCD). Importantly the observed independent variables were temperature catalyst weight and reaction time to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) products. The catalyst was successfully synthesized which was shown from the SEM characterization strengthened by the presence of a sulfate group in the FTIR results and the calculation results of high acidity properties. Optimization of FFA esterification with SCZ catalyst obtained optimal conditions with a temperature of 79C a catalyst weight of 3.00 g and a reaction time of 134 minutes with a FAME product of 93.75 considering that the viscosity of biodiesel is below that required by the API.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	Free fatty acids
AGROVOC Term:	Palm oils
AGROVOC Term:	Catalysts
AGROVOC Term:	Esterification
AGROVOC Term:	Optimization methods
AGROVOC Term:	Experimental design
AGROVOC Term:	Weight
AGROVOC Term:	Acidity
AGROVOC Term:	Temperature
AGROVOC Term:	Biodiesel
Depositing User:	Mr. AFANDI ABDUL MALEK
Last Modified:	24 Apr 2025 00:55
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/10277

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