Citation
Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli and Fadzlina Abdullah (2023) Study on the effects of blending N-butyl levulinate with palm methyl ester on the fuel properties. Journal of Oil Palm Research (Malaysia), 35 (3). pp. 416-425. ISSN 2811-4701
Abstract
Alkyl levulinate can be synthesised from renewable levulinic acid and has the potential to be used as a fuel blend component. A variety of compounds can be blended with biodiesel to improve or attain the desired fuel properties. In this study, the effects of blending n-butyl levulinate (BL) with palm methyl ester (PME) on fuel properties were evaluated. Blends of BL and PME (BL-PMEs) were prepared with 5%, 10% and 15% of BL. The addition of BL has improved the cloud and pour points by 7°C for 15BL-PME. As compared to ASTM D6751 and EN14214 specifications for biodiesel, BL-PMEs revealed properties within the specifications in terms of acid value, flash point, kinematic viscosity (40°C) and oxidative stability. The addition of BL up to 15% increased the acid value and decreased the flash point and kinematic viscosity. The oxidative stability increased slightly upon the addition of BL. The calorific value of BL-PMEs decreased with an increase in BL volume. Up to 10% BL, the calorific value is >35 MJ kg–1. Besides, BL is highly miscible with PME and no phase separation was observed. The present work suggested that BL has potential as a bio-based fuel blend compound for biodiesel.
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Abstract
Alkyl levulinate can be synthesised from renewable levulinic acid and has the potential to be used as a fuel blend component. A variety of compounds can be blended with biodiesel to improve or attain the desired fuel properties. In this study, the effects of blending n-butyl levulinate (BL) with palm methyl ester (PME) on fuel properties were evaluated. Blends of BL and PME (BL-PMEs) were prepared with 5%, 10% and 15% of BL. The addition of BL has improved the cloud and pour points by 7°C for 15BL-PME. As compared to ASTM D6751 and EN14214 specifications for biodiesel, BL-PMEs revealed properties within the specifications in terms of acid value, flash point, kinematic viscosity (40°C) and oxidative stability. The addition of BL up to 15% increased the acid value and decreased the flash point and kinematic viscosity. The oxidative stability increased slightly upon the addition of BL. The calorific value of BL-PMEs decreased with an increase in BL volume. Up to 10% BL, the calorific value is >35 MJ kg–1. Besides, BL is highly miscible with PME and no phase separation was observed. The present work suggested that BL has potential as a bio-based fuel blend compound for biodiesel.
Additional Metadata
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| AGROVOC Term: | levulinic acid |
| AGROVOC Term: | fuels |
| AGROVOC Term: | methanol |
| AGROVOC Term: | butanol |
| AGROVOC Term: | fatty acids |
| AGROVOC Term: | research |
| AGROVOC Term: | experimentation |
| AGROVOC Term: | biodiesel |
| Geographical Term: | Malaysia |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | fuel properties, n-butyl levulinate, palm methyl ester |
| Depositing User: | Nor Hasnita Abdul Samat |
| Date Deposited: | 28 Mar 2025 05:40 |
| Last Modified: | 28 Mar 2025 05:40 |
| URI: | http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/1710 |
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