Co-solvent selection for tocotrienol extraction from palm fatty acid distillate using supercritical carbon dioxide

Najwa Othman and Chong, Gun Hean and Ezzat Mohamad Azman and Norhidayah Suleiman (2023) Co-solvent selection for tocotrienol extraction from palm fatty acid distillate using supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Oil Palm Research (Malaysia), 35. pp. 467-475. ISSN 2811-4701

A predictive model was devised for the estimation of the Kamlet-Taft (KT) dipolarity/polarisability (π*) parameter for binary mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) and co-solvent. The model allows the selection of the best co-solvent for the extraction of tocotrienols from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Ethanol, acetone and isopropanol were separately used as co-solvents in the range of 0.05 - 0.15 mL/g for the experimental set-up at 20 MPa and 53°C for 300 min and a CO₂ flow rate of 32 ± 5 g/min. The model’s estimations of π* for all these binary mixtures followed the trends for the extraction of tocotrienols. The π* values increased with the concentration of co-solvent in the binary system and tocotrienol extraction was directly proportional to the π* value, but only up to a particular value. Of the three co-solvents tested, ethanol was predicted to be the best to enhance tocotrienol extraction. With a 0.075 mL/g of ethanol, the extraction yield was 30.03a ± 0.03 mg/g, more than that achieved with pure scCO₂ (16.45b ± 2.02 mg/g).

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Abstract

A predictive model was devised for the estimation of the Kamlet-Taft (KT) dipolarity/polarisability (π*) parameter for binary mixtures of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) and co-solvent. The model allows the selection of the best co-solvent for the extraction of tocotrienols from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Ethanol, acetone and isopropanol were separately used as co-solvents in the range of 0.05 - 0.15 mL/g for the experimental set-up at 20 MPa and 53°C for 300 min and a CO₂ flow rate of 32 ± 5 g/min. The model’s estimations of π* for all these binary mixtures followed the trends for the extraction of tocotrienols. The π* values increased with the concentration of co-solvent in the binary system and tocotrienol extraction was directly proportional to the π* value, but only up to a particular value. Of the three co-solvents tested, ethanol was predicted to be the best to enhance tocotrienol extraction. With a 0.075 mL/g of ethanol, the extraction yield was 30.03a ± 0.03 mg/g, more than that achieved with pure scCO₂ (16.45b ± 2.02 mg/g).

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	solvent extraction
AGROVOC Term:	palm oils
AGROVOC Term:	fatty acids
AGROVOC Term:	tocotrienols
AGROVOC Term:	research
AGROVOC Term:	mathematical analysis
AGROVOC Term:	supercritical fluid extraction
AGROVOC Term:	ethanol
Geographical Term:	Malaysia
Uncontrolled Keywords:	co-solvents, Kamlet-Taft, palm fatty acid distillate, supercritical fluid extraction, tocotrienols
Depositing User:	Nor Hasnita Abdul Samat
Date Deposited:	29 Apr 2025 01:09
Last Modified:	29 Apr 2025 01:09
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/1755

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