Evaluation of carbon emission in motorcycle exhausts and engine performance using biomass NanoFuel Patch

Mohamad Afiq Roslan, . and Rozzeta Dolah, . and Mariam Firdhaus Mad Nordin, . and Shreeshivadasan, . and Mohamad Zaki Hassan, . and Rosmahaida Jamaludin, . and Siti Norhuda Abdullah, . (2023) Evaluation of carbon emission in motorcycle exhausts and engine performance using biomass NanoFuel Patch. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management (Malaysia), 18 (9). pp. 6-16. ISSN 2672-7226

Biomass nanofluid not only utilises the most abundant waste in Malaysia but also ensures the environment’s sustainability towards low carbon emissions by reducing Greenhouse Gases (GHG). The present work investigates a renewable biomass NanoFuel Patch derived from normal pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biomass as a pure product (EFB nano oil). The EFB nano oil will go through the patching process to become a biomass nanofuel patch. This NanoFuel Patch is attached to the motorcycle’s fuel hose and tank. It works based on the nanofluidics concept, allowing the nanomolecules to be transported via biomass fluid bound with nanocomposite fibre medium assembled in a patch adhesive. Nanofluidics minimise the adsorption of impurities, which leads to complete combustion in the engine. The engine performance and emissions of a renewable biomass nanofuel patch were investigated during a motorcycle test attached to the dynomite roller chassis dynamometer (dyno test) in the steady-state condition of a single-cylinder and four- stroke type motorcycle. The findings show that the NanoFuel Patch produced better torque and braking power compared to the standard condition. At speeds between 60 and 70 km/h, the motorcycle’s NOx emissions were lowered to 20.56% and 7.90%, respectively, in contrast to the standard condition. Compared to standard conditions, CO emission levels were lower at 80 km/h, 90 km/h, and 100 km/h, with reductions of 22.08%, 11.65%, and 35.09%, respectively. For CO₂ concentration, lower production of CO₂ occurred when the motorcycle ran at speeds of 60, 70 km/h, 80 km/h, 90 km/h, and 100 km/h, with percentages of 8.87%, 8.34%, 3.59%, 2.91%, and 0.78%, respectively.

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Abstract

Biomass nanofluid not only utilises the most abundant waste in Malaysia but also ensures the environment’s sustainability towards low carbon emissions by reducing Greenhouse Gases (GHG). The present work investigates a renewable biomass NanoFuel Patch derived from normal pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) biomass as a pure product (EFB nano oil). The EFB nano oil will go through the patching process to become a biomass nanofuel patch. This NanoFuel Patch is attached to the motorcycle’s fuel hose and tank. It works based on the nanofluidics concept, allowing the nanomolecules to be transported via biomass fluid bound with nanocomposite fibre medium assembled in a patch adhesive. Nanofluidics minimise the adsorption of impurities, which leads to complete combustion in the engine. The engine performance and emissions of a renewable biomass nanofuel patch were investigated during a motorcycle test attached to the dynomite roller chassis dynamometer (dyno test) in the steady-state condition of a single-cylinder and four- stroke type motorcycle. The findings show that the NanoFuel Patch produced better torque and braking power compared to the standard condition. At speeds between 60 and 70 km/h, the motorcycle’s NOx emissions were lowered to 20.56% and 7.90%, respectively, in contrast to the standard condition. Compared to standard conditions, CO emission levels were lower at 80 km/h, 90 km/h, and 100 km/h, with reductions of 22.08%, 11.65%, and 35.09%, respectively. For CO₂ concentration, lower production of CO₂ occurred when the motorcycle ran at speeds of 60, 70 km/h, 80 km/h, 90 km/h, and 100 km/h, with percentages of 8.87%, 8.34%, 3.59%, 2.91%, and 0.78%, respectively.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	gas emissions
AGROVOC Term:	carbon monoxide
AGROVOC Term:	road transport
AGROVOC Term:	biofuels
AGROVOC Term:	nanofluids
AGROVOC Term:	renewable energy
AGROVOC Term:	impact assessment
AGROVOC Term:	performance assessment
AGROVOC Term:	scientists
Geographical Term:	Malaysia
Uncontrolled Keywords:	pyrolysis
Depositing User:	Mr. Khoirul Asrimi Md Nor
Date Deposited:	05 Oct 2025 22:30
Last Modified:	05 Oct 2025 22:30
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2127

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