Citation
Ain Nazira N. E., . and Mohd Noor Hisham M. N., . and Nasyatul Ekma M. H., . and Shamarina S., . and Noraini S., . (2025) Optimization of solid-state fermentation parameters to enhance phytase production by Aspergillus niger using palm kernel expeller. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science (Malaysia), 28 (1). pp. 106-119. ISSN 2550-2123
Abstract
The production of microbial phytase through solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers a sustainable alternative to conventional enzyme production systems. This study aimed to optimize key SSF parameters using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach to enhance phytase activity by Aspergillus niger cultivated on palm kernel expeller (PKE), a nutrient rich agro-industrial by-product. Although initial screening included A. oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, only A. niger demonstrated the highest phytase activity of 269.67 ± 13.52 FTU/mL under non-optimized conditions and was selected for further optimization. Three critical SSF parameters: incubation temperature (28°C–50°C), moisture content (30%–60% v/w), and inoculum size (1%–15% v/w) were individually evaluated. Maximum phytase activity (299.42 ± 6.64 FTU/mL) was achieved at 28°C, 40% moisture, and 1% inoculum size. Under these optimized conditions, phytase production improved by 23% compared to the unoptimized set-up (116.92 ± 7.57 FTU/mL), confirming the significant influence of physical parameters on fungal enzyme biosynthesis. These findings support the valorization of PKE for local phytase production, contributing to improved phosphorus bioavailability in poultry diets while reducing reliance on imported feed additives. The results provide a foundation for further scale up studies aligned with Malaysia’s circular bioeconomy goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 12.
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Abstract
The production of microbial phytase through solid-state fermentation (SSF) offers a sustainable alternative to conventional enzyme production systems. This study aimed to optimize key SSF parameters using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach to enhance phytase activity by Aspergillus niger cultivated on palm kernel expeller (PKE), a nutrient rich agro-industrial by-product. Although initial screening included A. oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus, only A. niger demonstrated the highest phytase activity of 269.67 ± 13.52 FTU/mL under non-optimized conditions and was selected for further optimization. Three critical SSF parameters: incubation temperature (28°C–50°C), moisture content (30%–60% v/w), and inoculum size (1%–15% v/w) were individually evaluated. Maximum phytase activity (299.42 ± 6.64 FTU/mL) was achieved at 28°C, 40% moisture, and 1% inoculum size. Under these optimized conditions, phytase production improved by 23% compared to the unoptimized set-up (116.92 ± 7.57 FTU/mL), confirming the significant influence of physical parameters on fungal enzyme biosynthesis. These findings support the valorization of PKE for local phytase production, contributing to improved phosphorus bioavailability in poultry diets while reducing reliance on imported feed additives. The results provide a foundation for further scale up studies aligned with Malaysia’s circular bioeconomy goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 12.
Additional Metadata
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| AGROVOC Term: | phytase |
| AGROVOC Term: | feed additives |
| AGROVOC Term: | optimization methods |
| AGROVOC Term: | Aspergillus niger |
| AGROVOC Term: | feeds |
| AGROVOC Term: | statistical methods |
| AGROVOC Term: | moisture content |
| AGROVOC Term: | bioeconomy |
| Geographical Term: | Malaysia |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | phytase; solid-state fermentation; Aspergillus niger; OFAT optimization; palm kernel expeller; poultry feed |
| Depositing User: | Mr. MUHAMMAD FARHAN AFIF MOHD NAZRI |
| Date Deposited: | 17 Aug 2026 03:49 |
| Last Modified: | 17 Aug 2026 03:49 |
| URI: | http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/26721 |
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