Proximate composition and phytochemical analysis of Malaysian Liberica sp. coffee bean and its pulp

Nurhuda Syahirah Ismail, . and Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, . and Suhaili Shamsi, . and Siti Salwa Abd Gani, . and Elexson Nillian, . (2024) Proximate composition and phytochemical analysis of Malaysian Liberica sp. coffee bean and its pulp. Pertanika Journal Tropical Agricultural Science (Malaysia), 47 (2). 533 -547. ISSN 1511-3701

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are the three main coffee species cultivated globally. Liberica coffee is a minor species, accounting for less than 1% of global cultivation. Due to favorable climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates coffee production, accounting for 73%, while Robusta makes up the remaining 27%. Nevertheless, the substantial coffee production resulted in approximately 15 million tons of discarded skin and pulp, contributing to environmental pollution. This study was conducted due to insufficient information and research on the proximate composition and phytochemical compounds of the coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp. This study aims to determine the proximate composition of coffee beans and pulp extracts from Liberica sp. and to identify the phytochemical composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The nutritional values of carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash were obtained using proximate analysis. Coffee beans exhibited the highest value for crude protein (11.96%) and crude fiber (11.83%), whereas coffee pulp has the highest significant value for moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%). LC-MS analysis shows emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds. These findings contribute to understanding the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of coffee beans and pulp from Liberica sp. that may contribute to sustainable waste management and other applications in the food and beverage industry.

Full text available from: Official URL: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pe...

Abstract

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are the three main coffee species cultivated globally. Liberica coffee is a minor species, accounting for less than 1% of global cultivation. Due to favorable climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates coffee production, accounting for 73%, while Robusta makes up the remaining 27%. Nevertheless, the substantial coffee production resulted in approximately 15 million tons of discarded skin and pulp, contributing to environmental pollution. This study was conducted due to insufficient information and research on the proximate composition and phytochemical compounds of the coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp. This study aims to determine the proximate composition of coffee beans and pulp extracts from Liberica sp. and to identify the phytochemical composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The nutritional values of carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash were obtained using proximate analysis. Coffee beans exhibited the highest value for crude protein (11.96%) and crude fiber (11.83%), whereas coffee pulp has the highest significant value for moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%). LC-MS analysis shows emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds. These findings contribute to understanding the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of coffee beans and pulp from Liberica sp. that may contribute to sustainable waste management and other applications in the food and beverage industry.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	coffee beans
AGROVOC Term:	coffee pulp
AGROVOC Term:	carbohydrates
AGROVOC Term:	proteins
AGROVOC Term:	moisture content
AGROVOC Term:	proximate analysis
AGROVOC Term:	waste management
AGROVOC Term:	food industry
AGROVOC Term:	chemicophysical properties
Geographical Term:	Malaysia
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Coffee bean, Liberica sp., phytochemical composition, proximate, pulp
Depositing User:	Ms. Azariah Hashim
Date Deposited:	19 Mar 2026 02:28
Last Modified:	19 Mar 2026 02:28
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2934

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