Evaluation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus bernardii for cultivation and nutrient removal in palm oil mill effluent

Mohammad Navid Wais, . and Shahrizim Zulkifly, . and Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim, . and Afiqah Mohamed, . and Zana Ruhaizat Zana Rudin, . (2024) Evaluation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus bernardii for cultivation and nutrient removal in palm oil mill effluent. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology (Malaysia), 32 (2). pp. 1161-1185. ISSN 2231-8526

The palm oil industry is one of the key players in contributing to Malaysia’s economy. Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a significant by-product of the oil extraction process, requires mandatory remediation to ensure proper treatment and disposal. Bioremediation using microalgae is a cost-effective and sustainable approach. This study aims to utilise pure and mixed microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus bernardii, in phycoremediation and biomass production in different concentrations of POME (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). Cultivation of microalgae was carried out in 200 mL medium with pH 7–7.8, room temperature of 25±1°C for 21 days and continuous light illumination at 2000 lux. The highest biomass productivity was observed in 20% POME for mixed microalgae (mean = 0.1733 mg.mL⁻¹ ± 0.0057), followed by C. vulgaris (0.1633 mg.mL⁻¹ ± 0.0057) and T. bernardii (0.1603 mg.mL⁻¹ ± 0.0020). Similarly, the highest nutrient removal was observed in 20% POME for mixed microalgae (COD:66.9801%, TN:86.9565%, TP:86.9655%), followed by C. vulgaris and T. bernardii. The results showed positive effects on growth, increased biomass production, and nutrient removal, with 20% POME being the optimal concentration for microalgae. Valuable by-products, such as high-quality pigments and biomass, are also generated by applying microalgae for remediation. Mixed microalgae are superior in the remediation of POME compared to single-culture algae. Treating wastewater through microalgal bioremediation is highly efficient in nutrient removal. This research has contributed towards the use of mixed microalgae to achieve effective nutrient removal and biomass for future industrial applications.

Full text available from: Official URL: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/resources/files/Pe...

Abstract

The palm oil industry is one of the key players in contributing to Malaysia’s economy. Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a significant by-product of the oil extraction process, requires mandatory remediation to ensure proper treatment and disposal. Bioremediation using microalgae is a cost-effective and sustainable approach. This study aims to utilise pure and mixed microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Tetradesmus bernardii, in phycoremediation and biomass production in different concentrations of POME (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). Cultivation of microalgae was carried out in 200 mL medium with pH 7–7.8, room temperature of 25±1°C for 21 days and continuous light illumination at 2000 lux. The highest biomass productivity was observed in 20% POME for mixed microalgae (mean = 0.1733 mg.mL⁻¹ ± 0.0057), followed by C. vulgaris (0.1633 mg.mL⁻¹ ± 0.0057) and T. bernardii (0.1603 mg.mL⁻¹ ± 0.0020). Similarly, the highest nutrient removal was observed in 20% POME for mixed microalgae (COD:66.9801%, TN:86.9565%, TP:86.9655%), followed by C. vulgaris and T. bernardii. The results showed positive effects on growth, increased biomass production, and nutrient removal, with 20% POME being the optimal concentration for microalgae. Valuable by-products, such as high-quality pigments and biomass, are also generated by applying microalgae for remediation. Mixed microalgae are superior in the remediation of POME compared to single-culture algae. Treating wastewater through microalgal bioremediation is highly efficient in nutrient removal. This research has contributed towards the use of mixed microalgae to achieve effective nutrient removal and biomass for future industrial applications.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	biomass
AGROVOC Term:	pigments
AGROVOC Term:	cultivation
AGROVOC Term:	wastewater treatment
AGROVOC Term:	microalgae
AGROVOC Term:	Chlorella vulgaris
AGROVOC Term:	cod
AGROVOC Term:	Castnia
AGROVOC Term:	ATP
Geographical Term:	Malaysia
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Biomass, Chlorella vulgaris, growth, Malaysia, microalgae, palm oil mill effluent (POME), phycoremediation, Tetradesmus bernardii
Depositing User:	Ms. Azariah Hashim
Date Deposited:	22 Apr 2026 01:31
Last Modified:	22 Apr 2026 01:31
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2970

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