Validation of selected 2021 infant and young child feeding indicators for appropriate complementary feeding in relation to dietary adequacy and anthropometric status

Goyena, Eva A. and Maniego, Ma. Lynell V. and Cristobal, Antoniette G. (2023) Validation of selected 2021 infant and young child feeding indicators for appropriate complementary feeding in relation to dietary adequacy and anthropometric status. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition (Malaysia), 29 (3). pp. 501-517. ISSN 1394 – 035X

Introduction: With the new set of 2021 infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators released by WHO and UNICEF, there is a need for its validation in the Philippine setting. The study evaluated the validity of cut-off points used for minimum dietary diversity and minimum feeding frequency in terms of micronutrient and energy intake adequacy, respectively, and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in relation to anthropometric status. Methods: The study covered 8360 infants and young children aged 6-23.9 months with complete information on IYCF, anthropometric measurements, maternal information, and household characteristics from the 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS). Bivariate and correlation analyses using STATA version 15 (Corp LLC, Texas, USA 2017) were performed to determine the association of specific IYCF indicators: dietary diversity and feeding frequency with nutrient and energy intake adequacy, and MAD with anthropometric status. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed to evaluate the accuracy of dietary diversity score (DDS) and feeding frequency in identifying children with adequate nutrient and energy intakes, respectively. Results: Significant associations were found between DDS and micronutrient adequacy, and between feeding frequency and energy intake adequacy, regardless of breastfeeding status. A DDS of 5 and 6 and feeding frequency of 4-5 and 8 maximised sensitivity and specificity in identifying breastfed and non-breastfed children meeting 100% nutrient and energy adequacy, respectively. Conclusion: The selected 2021 complementary feeding indicators are practical guidelines to reflect dietary adequacy, but may not capture the entire process related to nutritional outcomes, especially stunting.

Full text available from: Official URL: https://maljnutr.org.my/publication/29-3/Vol%2029(...

Abstract

Introduction: With the new set of 2021 infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators released by WHO and UNICEF, there is a need for its validation in the Philippine setting. The study evaluated the validity of cut-off points used for minimum dietary diversity and minimum feeding frequency in terms of micronutrient and energy intake adequacy, respectively, and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in relation to anthropometric status. Methods: The study covered 8360 infants and young children aged 6-23.9 months with complete information on IYCF, anthropometric measurements, maternal information, and household characteristics from the 2018-2019 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS). Bivariate and correlation analyses using STATA version 15 (Corp LLC, Texas, USA 2017) were performed to determine the association of specific IYCF indicators: dietary diversity and feeding frequency with nutrient and energy intake adequacy, and MAD with anthropometric status. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed to evaluate the accuracy of dietary diversity score (DDS) and feeding frequency in identifying children with adequate nutrient and energy intakes, respectively. Results: Significant associations were found between DDS and micronutrient adequacy, and between feeding frequency and energy intake adequacy, regardless of breastfeeding status. A DDS of 5 and 6 and feeding frequency of 4-5 and 8 maximised sensitivity and specificity in identifying breastfed and non-breastfed children meeting 100% nutrient and energy adequacy, respectively. Conclusion: The selected 2021 complementary feeding indicators are practical guidelines to reflect dietary adequacy, but may not capture the entire process related to nutritional outcomes, especially stunting.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	infant feeding
AGROVOC Term:	child feeding
AGROVOC Term:	dietary diversity
AGROVOC Term:	data validation
AGROVOC Term:	dietary assessment
AGROVOC Term:	anthropometry
AGROVOC Term:	breastfeeding
AGROVOC Term:	feeding frequency
AGROVOC Term:	stunting
Geographical Term:	Philippines
Uncontrolled Keywords:	complementary feeding, dietary diversity, meal frequency, minimum acceptable diet, nutritional status
Depositing User:	Ms. Azariah Hashim
Date Deposited:	16 Jun 2026 03:15
Last Modified:	16 Jun 2026 03:15
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/3627

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