Production and optimisation of used cooking palm oil into protected fat calcium salts by fusion method using response surface methodology (RSM)

K. Mohamad Asrol and M. S. Pak Dek and I. B. Suyub and S. Sumita and S. Jusoh (2023) Production and optimisation of used cooking palm oil into protected fat calcium salts by fusion method using response surface methodology (RSM). International Food Research Journal (Malaysia), 30. pp. 696-708. ISSN 2231-7546

Used cooking oil (UCO) is a waste, and creates environmental issues due to its hydrophobic property. UCO, with its high content of fatty acid, can be used as source material for animal feed. However, high unsaturated fatty acid in UCO is harmful to the ruminant’s microflora. This can be resolved by transforming UCO into functional product such as ruminant’s protected fat (PF). In the present work, the production of used cooking oil protected fat (UCOPF) using fusion method via saponification process was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of calcium oxide concentration (CaO), initial temperature (iTemp.), and percentage of water (H₂O) on the solidification score and free fatty acid (FFA) content of PF. Results showed that all the studied parameters significantly affected the responses. The coefficient of determination (R²) for solidification score and FFA were high at 0.9433 and 0.9599, respectively. The optimum condition to produced UCOPF by fusion method was CaO (20%), iTemp. (80°C), and percentage of water (30%), which yielded solidification score and FFA of 5.33 ± 0.53 and 0.85 ± 0.07%, respectively. The FFA content of the optimised PF was lower than permitted; thus, it can be used as animal supplement. In conclusion, the UCO can be converted into PF by using calcium fusion method. However, the property and stability of the produced PF should be assessed prior to commercialisation.

Full text available from: Official URL: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/30%20(03)%202023/13%20-...

Abstract

Used cooking oil (UCO) is a waste, and creates environmental issues due to its hydrophobic property. UCO, with its high content of fatty acid, can be used as source material for animal feed. However, high unsaturated fatty acid in UCO is harmful to the ruminant’s microflora. This can be resolved by transforming UCO into functional product such as ruminant’s protected fat (PF). In the present work, the production of used cooking oil protected fat (UCOPF) using fusion method via saponification process was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of calcium oxide concentration (CaO), initial temperature (iTemp.), and percentage of water (H₂O) on the solidification score and free fatty acid (FFA) content of PF. Results showed that all the studied parameters significantly affected the responses. The coefficient of determination (R²) for solidification score and FFA were high at 0.9433 and 0.9599, respectively. The optimum condition to produced UCOPF by fusion method was CaO (20%), iTemp. (80°C), and percentage of water (30%), which yielded solidification score and FFA of 5.33 ± 0.53 and 0.85 ± 0.07%, respectively. The FFA content of the optimised PF was lower than permitted; thus, it can be used as animal supplement. In conclusion, the UCO can be converted into PF by using calcium fusion method. However, the property and stability of the produced PF should be assessed prior to commercialisation.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	palm oils
AGROVOC Term:	feed supplements
AGROVOC Term:	free fatty acids
AGROVOC Term:	saponification
AGROVOC Term:	experimental design
AGROVOC Term:	chemical analysis
AGROVOC Term:	gas chromatography
AGROVOC Term:	statistical analysis > statistical analysis Prefer using statistical methodsstatistical methods
AGROVOC Term:	cooking oils
AGROVOC Term:	quality control
Geographical Term:	Malaysia
Depositing User:	Nor Hasnita Abdul Samat
Date Deposited:	28 Jul 2024 16:12
Last Modified:	28 Jul 2024 16:12
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/937

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