Esterification of free fatty acid from sludge palm oil using zeolite- sulfonated carbon from sugar cane catalysts

Hasanudin and Asri, Wan Ryan and Muthiarani, Tri Eltiyah and Bahrain, David and Hadiah, Fitri (2022) Esterification of free fatty acid from sludge palm oil using zeolite- sulfonated carbon from sugar cane catalysts. Journal of Oil Palm Research (Malaysia), 35. pp. 268-280. ISSN 2811-4701

In this research, the zeolite-sulfonated carbon from sugar cane catalyst has been employed for the free fatty acid (FFA) esterification in sludge palm oil (SPO) optimised by response surface methodology and central composite design. The effect of the catalyst weight ratio of zeolite to sulfonated carbon was evaluated. The result showed that the catalyst with a weight ratio of zeolite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 (% w/w) had the highest acidic value of 10.80 mmol g–1 and was used for further esterification optimisation. FTIR and EDX analysis affirmed the existence of a sulfonated group of the composite catalysts. The 13C NMR analysis showed that the esterification successfully produced an ester compound. The optimum conditions for FFA conversion were acquired at a reaction temperature of 78.98°C, a reaction time of 119.97 min, a catalyst weight of 2.97 g, with 94.19% FFA conversion, and followed by a statistically significant model. The catalyst reusability study revealed that the catalyst had a slight decrease in catalyst performance and could generate up to 80.00% conversion after the fourth cycle. This study could bring forth early information about the potential of zeolite-sulfonated carbon from sugar cane catalyst for FFA conversion from SPO into high-value ester products.

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Abstract

In this research, the zeolite-sulfonated carbon from sugar cane catalyst has been employed for the free fatty acid (FFA) esterification in sludge palm oil (SPO) optimised by response surface methodology and central composite design. The effect of the catalyst weight ratio of zeolite to sulfonated carbon was evaluated. The result showed that the catalyst with a weight ratio of zeolite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 (% w/w) had the highest acidic value of 10.80 mmol g–1 and was used for further esterification optimisation. FTIR and EDX analysis affirmed the existence of a sulfonated group of the composite catalysts. The 13C NMR analysis showed that the esterification successfully produced an ester compound. The optimum conditions for FFA conversion were acquired at a reaction temperature of 78.98°C, a reaction time of 119.97 min, a catalyst weight of 2.97 g, with 94.19% FFA conversion, and followed by a statistically significant model. The catalyst reusability study revealed that the catalyst had a slight decrease in catalyst performance and could generate up to 80.00% conversion after the fourth cycle. This study could bring forth early information about the potential of zeolite-sulfonated carbon from sugar cane catalyst for FFA conversion from SPO into high-value ester products.

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Item Type:	Article
AGROVOC Term:	sludge
AGROVOC Term:	palm oils
AGROVOC Term:	free fatty acids
AGROVOC Term:	zeolites
AGROVOC Term:	catalysts
AGROVOC Term:	esterification
AGROVOC Term:	experimental design
AGROVOC Term:	statistical analysis > statistical analysis Prefer using statistical methodsstatistical methods
AGROVOC Term:	sugar cane
AGROVOC Term:	waste utilization
Geographical Term:	Indonesia
Depositing User:	Nor Hasnita Abdul Samat
Date Deposited:	28 Aug 2024 08:27
Last Modified:	28 Aug 2024 08:27
URI:	http://webagris.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/976

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